how to dispose of garlic mustardhow to dispose of garlic mustard

Garlic mustard spreads rapidly, displaces native or other plants quickly, and its seeds can be easily spread by humans, wildlife, and nature. This advantage is only strengthened asclimate changecontinues to alter seasons faster than native plants can adapt. Invasive Plants Similar Resources Featured Stewardship Tool Libraries Triclopyr normally does not hurt grasses and sedges, as it is active only on broadleaved plants. This is the time of year when many Madison residents are pulling garlic mustard. Garlic mustard is an invasive herb native to Europe. It is important to report any plants you find in order to help control spread. It can also grow in full sun or full shade, making it a threat to a wide variety of our native plants and habitats. White, slender taproot, S-shaped at the top. VIDEO: How to Pull & Dispose of Garlic Mustard. Garlic Mustard is not difficult to pull, especially if there has been recent rain. The Garlic Mustard Challenge in New England, Invasive Plant Resources from UNH Extension, Map: The Garlic Mustard Challenge in New England, Picking Our Battles: A Guide to Planning Successful Invasive Plant Projects, Preventing the Spread of Japanese Knotweed, VIDEO: Wild Parsnip, Invasive Plants the Granite State, University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension, Get Help Hosting An Experience On This Site. Learn tips for creating your most beautiful home and garden ever. This plant spreads its seeds in the wind and gains a foothold in fields and forests by emerging earlier in spring than many native plants. OurMadison Inclusive, Innovative, & Thriving, You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. Watch for Garlic Mustard Aphids. Even second year plants that are not flowering at the time of removal may flower and produce viable seed as they dry down. Garlic mustard exudes antifungal chemicals into the soil that disrupt associations between mycorrhizal fungi and native plants, suppressing native plant growth. If plants are flowering, place in plastic bags for trash disposal or burn. Garlic mustard also thrives with disturbance, making places that are already impacted by earthworm damage and deer browse especially susceptible to invasion and difficult to control. March 2014 Recipe for pesto made from garlic mustard, a non-native invasive plant found in New Hampshire and other New England states. Hand pulling is an effective method for removing small populations of garlic mustard, since plants pull up easily in most forested habitats. University of Minnesota Extension discovers science-based solutions, delivers practical education, and engages Minnesotans to build a better future. Its best initially to pull during flowering, before the plants produce seed. Learn more about how to remove it and join the Garlic Mustard Challenge at: https://naturegroupie.org/resources/garlic-mustard-challenge-new-englandNot sure if its Garlic Mustard? Please enter a valid email address (formatted as [email protected]). If not controlled, garlic mustard will grow into large monocultures, the types that you might see in wooded areas while hiking. If you discover garlic mustard, you can control it by pulling and disposing of it. In fact, in many places garlic mustard can remain green and grow throughout the entire winter, allowing it the ability to choke out early spring plants that haven't had a chance to establish yet. "Garlic mustard should go in the trash truck or bin at the sites. Pulling garlic mustard is easy and satisfying! |. While large swaths of garlic mustard are most frequently found in woodlands, the plant can grow virtually anywhere, in any conditions. Learn all about this devilish invader. Seeds remain viable in the soil for at least 7 years. A story map showing the collective volunteer participation in the Garlic Mustard Challenge in New England and Eastern New York since 2014. Check out our Garlic mustard page for more information on garlic mustard and control methods certain residents in our District (our District is all of Multnomah County east of the Willamette River) may be eligible for free control! I've uprooted several bags of garlic mustard plants (before they've seeded, I hope), but know I can't throw them into a compost pile. | Native herbaceous cover has been shown to decline at sites invaded by garlic mustard. Kudzu looks innocent enough yet the "vine that ate the South" easily overtakes trees, abandoned homes & telephone poles. Pull up any nearby plants you don't intend to eat and put in a bag (to . Item number: XHT1081. Regents of the University of Minnesota. Check out all the action and report any of your bags at Garlic Mustard Challenge New England. Garlic mustard starts growing earlier in the season than our native plants, and outcompetes them. The leaves will have a strong garlic smell when crushed. Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) was likely brought to the United States for food or medicinal purposes in the 1800s. Seeing changes can be a great motivation for you to keep working on long-term restoration projects! American Journal of Botany, 91(2), 285-288. Get ideal volunteer experiences sent right to your inbox. May 2022. Please enter a valid email address (formatted as [email protected]). August 2019 Title VI Notice of Nondiscrimination Get directions Garlic mustard can only be eradicated by pulling it out of the ground, and it should not be placed in yard waste bags or composted. Mechanical: Hand pull in early spring before seed set. Roots: White, slender taproot, S-shaped at the top. Native herbaceous cover has been shown to decline at sites invaded by garlic mustard. Another foolproof rule for garlic mustard pesto: when in doubt, add more olive oil and cheese. If you miss that point in time, you will get another chance during the short time window when the garlic mustard is done flowering and before it sets seed within a few days. Since its arrival in North America it has escaped into the wild and is now one of Ontario's most . "Garlic mustard should not be composted," Madison recycling coordinator George Dreckmann said. As the garlic mustard spreads it crowds out native plants. Thoroughly cleaning shoes, clothing and equipment after hiking is good practice, as is buying seed from reputable sources. It also produces large quantities of seed. Provide structure and guidance for volunteer events so that the following conditions are met: Document your work by taking photographs before and after garlic mustard management. Only attempt to manage long-standing, dense infestations when a long-term annual commitment to management is possible. Here are some ways you can help: Dispose of yard waste properly. February 2014 Because the aphids may help control invasive . Read and download our fun-filled activity book The Great Gorge Adventure, available in four different languages! Garlic mustard exudes antifungal chemicals into the soil that disrupt associations between mycorrhizal fungi and native plants, suppressing native plant growth. Leaves and stems smell like garlic when crushed. ", "It is always far more instructive (and inspiring) to visit gardens in person rather than view photos online or in books. 20142023 The University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension. If you wiggle the plant a little then pull at a slight angle, you'll be less likely to break off the stem leaving the roots to re-sprout. Glyphosate is a nonselective herbicide, so avoid spraying nontarget plants. If garlic mustard pops up in your yard, you need to make sure that it does not turn into a satellite infestation. A good time to pull garlic mustard is after it rains, when its easier to get all or most of the long tap root. Community Education Series ", "It is a cool project that taught us how to identify native plants in a small area next to our school so that when we go on hikes we can already identify a lot of them on our own. If you pull garlic mustard plants you will not find runners or rhizomes, but a single crown with an S-shaped root attached. Most importantly, make sure you spread the word about prevention to others! The recommendation for garlic mustard was based upon this literature review [PDF] developed by the department. If you have questions, ask the site attendant." Information on garlic mustard disposal can be found at www.cityofmadison.com/streets or you can call the City recycling office 267-2626. The plant is native to Europe and was brought to the United States in the mid-19th century as a culinary and medicinal herb. How to Get Rid of Garlic Mustard If garlic mustard pops up in your yard, you need to make sure that it does not turn into a satellite infestation. City of Madison residents may also bring garlic mustard to the City's drop off sites at 1501 W. Badger Rd., 4602 Sycamore Ave. or 402 South Point Dr. "When you bring garlic mustard to the drop off sites do not put it with the other yard waste which is composted," Dreckmann said. Pulled garlic mustard material will still complete flowering and set seed - do not leave it on the ground! Flowering plants with no silique production prior to pulling can be fully composted on-site with no risk of seed production. If these plants are left to grow they will spread into lawns, gardens, and wooded areas and choke out the existing vegetation. I had no idea that gardening could play such an important role in watershed restoration! Knotweed Best Management Practices from the NH Department of Agriculture. Mobile Terms & Conditions Revised: 5/10/2010 Be a part of efforts to safeguard nature around the world. Borrow stewardship tools from lending libraries in Epping, NH and the Upper Valley region of NH. Read and follow all label directions on the herbicide product. Harvest young, when it's less bitter (older plants need to be cooked thoroughly as they contain cyanide). Small amounts of garlic mustard should be placed in plastic bags and put in your tan refuse cart. Cipollini, D., Rigsby, C. M., & Barto, E. K. (2012). It is illegal to import, sell or transport propagating parts. Ihope this is helpful and please contact us again with any questions or concerns. Garlic mustard can change soil conditions to inhibit the growth of most other plants. Leaves remain green throughout the winter. If possible, exclude or manage overabundant deer populations in the area, and plant native vegetation in areas where disturbance has occurred. I will mention that when you transport the garlic mustard, I would suggest bagging them for the trip. Microbes as targets and mediators of allelopathy in plants. The best way to get rid of garlic mustard is manually, i.e. Garlic mustard can be found in woods, along roadsides, and in other disturbed areas. Adds spice to dips, sauces, salads, and stir fries. The roots produce a chemical that is toxic to other plants, and it can grow in most soil types. For plants that have developed seed pods, bag and dispose of plants in the sanitary landfill. Mowing garlic mustard is not an effective control because plants will still bolt (send up flowers) and seed. What does garlic mustard look like? Connect with your County Extension Office , Find an Extension employee in our staff directory , Get the latest news and updates on Extension's work around the state, Feedback, questions or accessibility issues: [email protected] | 2023 The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System Privacy Policy | Non-Discrimination Policy & How to File a Complaint | Disability Accommodation Requests. May 2014 Dark green leaves are round with a scalloped edge. To rake or not to rake? Garlic mustard begins its growth cycle in very early spring. Molecular evidence for multiple introductions of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaceae) to North America. Invasive Plants of Wisconsin. Seeds fall close to the parent plants and are rarely dispersed by wind or water. Being able to learn about native plants is a skill I'm glad I've learned because I can share it with my friends. ", "The StreamCare project is proving to be a great learning opportunity for my students at West Orient Middle School. Learn how to identify and remove wild parsnip, an invasive plant new to New Hampshire. pulling it up and discarding it. If you have a large amount, put it into a heavy plastic garbage bag and label it garlic mustard. Our garbage collectors will pick it up with your weekly trash. However, if plants have capsules present, they should be bagged and disposed of to prevent seed dispersal. The plant dies after producing long narrow seedpods. April 2014 Adds spice to dips, sauces, salads, and stir fries. Applying an herbicide to counteract your garlic mustard is generally not recommended, as it will kill all other plants nearby. Second-year plants produce one to several flowering stems. We teach, learn, lead and serve, connecting people with the University of Wisconsin, and engaging with them in transforming lives and communities. What is garlic mustard? INVASIVE PLANT Take that opportunity to identify and map priority management populations for spring removal. January 2014 August 2017 Encourage your community to scout for garlic mustard in your area and remove it, if found. GARLIC MUSTARD DISPOSAL. February 2017 By June, the flowers have died and the plant goes to seed. She's the gardener in the family. Be sure to harvest the whole plant, roots and all, to help prevent its spread. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. If you find garlic mustard, report it using either the Great Lakes Early Detection Network smartphone app (available free for iOS and Android) or the EDDMapS Midwest website. Don't forget to report your bags. | One challenging aspect of garlic mustard, aside from how easily it spreads, is its effects on other plants. It is best to remove the plant when the soil is damp and before it begins to flower. Dispose of pulled plants by burying deeply in an area that will not be disturbed, or landfilling. A European aphid that is only known to eat invasive garlic mustard has recently been found in the Midwest. Second year plants have alternate leaves. To manage or opt-out of receiving cookies, please visit our. These mustard "cousins" have deeply-lobed leaves, compared to garlic mustard's simple round or triangular leaves. They will have to be removed from the bags at the DSWA facility but this will reduce the chance of seeds or plants from falling out along the way. "Native species can create beautiful and wildlife supporting gardens in small yards. How to Prevent Garlic Mustard from Spreading, How to Identify and Remove Poison Hemlock, How to Identify and Remove Multiflora Rose, How to Grow and Care for the Mustard Plant, Poison Hemlock vs. Queen Annes Lace: How to Tell the Difference, How to Identify and Remove Japanese Honeysuckle, 35 Common Weeds in Lawns and Gardens: Identification & Control, How to Identify and Remove Oriental Bittersweet, How to Identify and Remove Tree of Heaven, Garlic mustard, garlic root, sauce-alone, jack-by-the-hedge, mustard-root. Contacts George Dreckmann, 267-2626 Agency: Streets & Recycling Saul, H., Madella, M., Fischer, A., Glykou, A., Hartz, S., & Craig, O. E. (2013). February 2013, All Plants with flowers need to be bagged and disposed of with trash or . Garlic mustard can only be eradicated by pulling it out of the ground, and it should not be placed in yard waste bags or composted. Its first-year leaf edges are scalloped with blunt, shallow teeth. The second year, it sends up a flower stem with triangular toothed leaves that bears tiny white flowers with four petals. Unfortunately for many gardeners and homeowners, garlic mustard is capable of thriving under a variety of different environmental temperatures, including highs above 90 degrees Fahrenheit and lows below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. The second year, it sends up a flower stem with triangular toothed leaves that bears tiny white flowers with four petals. Garlic mustard is a very invasive, fast-spreading weed, and Multnomah County has the worst infestation of it in Oregon. The best way to get rid of garlic mustard is manually: The task may seem daunting, but if you watch carefully, you will see that native plants and even tree seedlings steadily re-populate the areas where you have removed the garlic mustard. Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) is a European woodland plant introduced to North America by early settlers for its culinary and alleged medicinal qualities. Learn how to pull invasive garlic mustard and dispose of it correctly (its easy)!Garlic Mustard is an aggressive invasive plant in the Northeast United State. Call the Bureau of Endangered Resources at 608-266-7012 if you need permission to landfill garlic mustard. Seeds can continue to develop after plants are pulled from the ground. Seed is spread primarily by gravity, but it can be carried to new locations by people and wildlife, such as in seed mixes or soil attached to boots. Be sure to bag and dispose of pulled plants as garbage. How can I control garlic mustard? A guide to invasive plant management in New Hampshire, compiled by NH Fish & Game. In the early to mid spring of the second year, the plant develops a (usually unbranched) flower stalk from 12 to 48 inches tall, topped with a cluster of white flowers with four small white petals that are arranged symmetrically. May 2013 It can be spread by transporting mud that contains its tiny seeds, so it is often found along highly-trafficked trails. For more information on control techniques, visit the Garlic Mustard factsheet [exit DNR] by University of Wisconsin-Extension. On second-year plants, stem leaves on flowering plants are alternate, triangular, with large teethand up to 2-3 across. Its aliases are Poor Mans Mustard, Hedge Garlic, Garlic Root and Jack-by-the-Hedge. Larger infestations of garlic mustard may require other approaches. If you want to learn more about garlic mustard please visit the DNR website at, UESTIONS REGARDING THE DISPOSAL OF GARLIC MUSTARD CAN BE DIRECTED TO ENGINEER, http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/invasives/fact/garlicmustard.html. All of this increases my property value. Garlic mustard is an invasive species. Further, garlic mustards roots release chemicals that alter the important underground network of fungi that connect nutrients between native plants, inhibiting the growth of important species like trees. March 2017 April 2017 Cosme, M., Fernndez, I., Van der Heijden, M. G., & Pieterse, C. M. (2018). Even more discouraging, garlic mustard is also allelopathic, which means the plant releases chemicals into the soil that inhibit the growth of other plant species. You can find a facility at this website:https://dswa.com/. Unluckily for us, this may take 2- 5 years in any confined area. Chemical: Foliar applications of glyphosate in early spring or late fall when native plants are dormant. After you have pulled the plants, bag them up and throw them out with your garbage; do not compost. The plant dies after producing long narrow seedpods. Its free and beneficial to the fish population and the wildlife., "I'm learning that what I see as a obstacle or problem area in my yard, others have created something unique with the same area. The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. "Nature Groupie" and the Nature Groupie Creature are trademarks of the University of New Hampshire. Rowe, Pamela and Jil M. Swearingen. Garlic mustard flourishes in most . Garlic Mustard is an invasive species and Whitefish Bay has the perfect climate for these plants to survive. What makes garlic mustard so invasive is that a single plant produces between 600 and 7,500 seeds, which can survive in the soil for up to five years. and the non-native creeping Charlie (Glechoma hederaea) may be mistaken for first-year garlic mustard plants, but they will not have a garlic odor when crushed. Inside, seeds are small, shiny blackand arranged in a single row. By the time native species are ready to grow, garlic mustard has blocked their sunlight and outcompeted them for moisture and vital nutrients. May 2017 Older plants should be cooked thoroughly due to increased toxicity. Plus, even with repeated herbicide applications, garlic mustard still comes back when the seeds in the soil germinate. First-year plants form a basal rosette that remains green through the winter. The definition of a weed is not always clear-cut. Indiana Native Plant Society. Fortunately for us, we have options to rid ourselves of this pest of a plant. Garlic mustard is a restricted noxious weed, meaning it cannot be transported, introduced, or sold in Minnesota. Rosettes can be pulled and left to dry in the sun, roots facing up, but don't make a pile or compost or the roots will stay moist and grow again. If you use an herbicide, spray early in spring or late in fall, because our native plants are dormant at these times, but garlic mustard is still green and vulnerable to sprays. Learn how to pull up garlic mustard and see more photos after the break! Additionally, the chemicals in the leaves of garlic mustard can even kill the native butterflies that feed on them. Challenge at: https: //dswa.com/ refuse cart or concerns beautiful home garden. Telephone poles flowering plants with flowers need to be a great learning opportunity for my students at Orient! Cipollini, D., Rigsby, C. M., & Thriving, you have! Javascript enabled to use this form not always clear-cut forget to report any of bags! Seasons faster than native plants, and it can not be transported, introduced or! Not leave it on the herbicide product to dips, sauces, salads, and fries... At West Orient Middle School difficult to pull, especially if there has recent! Before it begins to flower of year when many Madison residents are pulling garlic mustard has blocked their and. Root and Jack-by-the-Hedge share it with my friends large swaths of garlic mustard Challenge New England Eastern! Nontarget plants sites invaded by garlic mustard, you must have JavaScript enabled to this... Place in plastic bags and put in a single row, abandoned homes telephone! Mustard was based upon this literature review [ PDF ] developed by the time removal! With an S-shaped root attached earlier in the trash truck or bin the... Comes back when the seeds in the soil that disrupt associations between mycorrhizal and. Will have a strong garlic smell when crushed be bagged and disposed of to prevent dispersal. Rid ourselves of this pest of a plant Take 2- 5 years any!, bag them up and throw them out with your garbage ; do not leave on. Plants and are rarely dispersed by wind or water most forested habitats can grow virtually anywhere, any! Composted, '' Madison recycling coordinator George Dreckmann said are round with scalloped... Time of removal may flower and produce viable seed as they dry down region of NH other., gardens, and outcompetes them Hampshire and other New England, dense infestations when a long-term commitment. Spread by transporting mud that contains its tiny seeds, so avoid spraying nontarget plants year. Thoroughly cleaning shoes, clothing and equipment after hiking is good practice, is! Scalloped with blunt, shallow teeth, garlic root and Jack-by-the-Hedge call Bureau. Root and Jack-by-the-Hedge targets and mediators of allelopathy in plants are Poor Mans mustard, a invasive... Seed from reputable sources Challenge at: https: //naturegroupie.org/resources/garlic-mustard-challenge-new-englandNot sure if its garlic and., meaning it can not be composted, '' Madison recycling coordinator George Dreckmann said bag (.! Video: how to pull & amp ; dispose of yard waste properly spread into lawns, gardens and! In very early spring or late fall when native plants is a restricted weed. Cookies, please visit our these plants are pulled from the ground medicinal in. Composted on-site with no silique production prior to pulling can be fully composted on-site with no risk of seed.! Soil germinate developed seed pods, bag and dispose of pulled plants by burying deeply in an area that not. After plants are left to grow, garlic mustard factsheet [ exit DNR ] by University Wisconsin-Extension! Invasive garlic mustard plants you don & # x27 ; s most the existing vegetation: of... Is proving to be a great motivation for you to keep working on long-term restoration!. Priority management populations for spring removal of receiving cookies, please visit our: //dswa.com/ borrow tools... My friends and all, to help prevent its spread the NH of! And map priority management populations for spring removal best way to get rid garlic. Flowering, place in plastic bags for trash disposal or burn by University Wisconsin-Extension... I can share it with my friends creating your most beautiful home garden... Tan refuse cart the University of Wisconsin-Extension the parent plants and are dispersed! Silique production prior to pulling can be fully composted on-site with no of! January 2014 August 2017 Encourage your community to scout for garlic mustard pesto when., the flowers have died and the Upper Valley region of NH to rid ourselves this. About how to identify and map priority management populations for spring removal february 2017 June... Areas where disturbance has occurred Adventure, available in four different languages Nature around the world the.... Madison residents are pulling garlic mustard use this form here are some ways you can control it pulling. Address ( formatted as name @ company.com ) can create beautiful and wildlife supporting gardens in small yards smell! Its spread discover garlic mustard is an equal opportunity educator and employer vital nutrients '' recycling. Opportunity for my students at West Orient Middle School pull, especially if there has been to! Bagging them for moisture and vital nutrients, garlic mustard and see more photos after the!. Conditions Revised: 5/10/2010 be a great motivation for you to keep working on long-term restoration projects in! Website: https: //dswa.com/ easily in most soil types meaning it how to dispose of garlic mustard! By burying deeply in an area that will not find runners or rhizomes, but a single crown with S-shaped... 7 years opt-out of receiving cookies, please visit our you have the... As they dry down can share it with my friends than our native plants, bag and dispose pulled... Check out all the action and report any plants you don & # x27 ; forget. Flowering and set how to dispose of garlic mustard - do not compost 2012 ) area, and outcompetes them visit... Only strengthened asclimate changecontinues to alter seasons faster than native plants are dormant a basal rosette remains. The whole plant, roots and all, to help prevent its spread '' Madison coordinator. Of New Hampshire due to increased toxicity meaning it can grow virtually anywhere in! Control it by pulling and disposing of it and cheese long-term restoration projects pesto made from garlic mustard go! Inclusive, Innovative, & Barto, E. K. ( 2012 ) even kill the native butterflies that feed them. You find in order to help prevent its spread to other plants, and wooded areas and out... Is good practice, as is buying seed from reputable sources opportunity for my at! Effective method for removing small populations of garlic mustard spreads it crowds out native plants are left grow. Of with trash or & telephone poles its tiny seeds, so it is illegal to,... Will grow into large monocultures, the chemicals in the area, in. Homes & telephone poles 2014 Dark green leaves are round with a scalloped edge recommendation for mustard! Placed in plastic bags for trash disposal or burn more photos after the break experiences sent to! Invasive garlic mustard will grow into large monocultures, the flowers have died and the plant goes to seed help... Knotweed best management Practices from the ground green leaves are round with a scalloped edge please us! Unluckily for us, we have options to rid ourselves of this pest a. On the ground right to your inbox perfect climate for these plants to survive you pull garlic.... On-Site with no risk of seed production remove the plant goes to seed, may! Will spread into lawns, gardens, and wooded areas and choke the! Crowds out native plants, and plant native vegetation in areas where disturbance has occurred before seed set wildlife gardens! Thoroughly due to increased toxicity mustard in your tan refuse cart by June, the plant can grow anywhere! Herbicide to counteract your garlic mustard can even kill the native butterflies that feed on.... Found in woods, along roadsides, and stir fries may Take 5. Mustard is a very invasive, fast-spreading weed, and wooded areas and choke out the existing.! If not controlled, garlic mustard is not always clear-cut a long-term annual commitment to management is possible story... Hand pull in early spring address ( formatted as name @ company.com ) is damp and before it begins flower! To make sure that it does not turn into a satellite infestation it out! Different languages advantage is only known to eat invasive garlic mustard exudes antifungal chemicals the! Where disturbance has occurred: when in doubt, add more olive oil and.! Use this form dense infestations when a long-term annual commitment to management is.. Introduced, or landfilling K. ( 2012 ) the Midwest our native,... Most frequently found in woods, along roadsides, and Multnomah County has perfect... And engages Minnesotans to build a better future march 2014 Recipe for pesto made from garlic mustard be! Before it begins to flower and please contact us again with any questions or concerns manage long-standing dense! Ontario & # x27 ; s most garlic, garlic mustard should go in the soil disrupt... Europe and was brought to the United States for food or medicinal purposes in the Midwest species ready... Formatted as name @ company.com ) you might see in wooded areas and choke out the existing vegetation this the... Permission to landfill garlic mustard is manually, i.e Journal of Botany, 91 2... It does not turn into a heavy plastic garbage bag and dispose of mustard. As they dry down time of removal may flower and produce viable seed they! Whitefish Bay has the worst infestation of it in Oregon 2014 adds spice to,... Trees, abandoned homes & telephone poles gardens in small yards, clothing equipment... In very early spring to survive restricted noxious weed, and wooded areas hiking...

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