health benefits of cogon grasshealth benefits of cogon grass

Cogon grass is one of the most productive biofuel crops, with high yields. Breaking the rhizomes helps to dry them out and deplete stored energy. If you burn your fields during the summer, apply herbicides in the late summer or early fall--approximately one month prior to the average killing frost, depending on area. After planting, apply herbaceous and release treatments of Arsenal AC following label guidelines over-the top of loblolly, longleaf and slash pine to control cogongrass. Top Ten of 2022. by Sarah Farmer and Jennifer Moore Myers, SRS Communications December 14, 2022. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Dickens, R. 1974. Roundup Ultra, Roundup Pro, or other brands of glyphosate (41% active ingredient formulations) at 5 quarts per acre or as a 1.5% solution will suppress cogongrass. Ornamental introductions continue to be made in the U.S. with the numerous "red cultivars" offered by nurseries. Cogongrass is a major impediment to reforestation efforts in southeast Asia, the number one weed in agronomic and vegetable production in many parts of Africa, and is responsible for thousands of hectares of lost native habitat in the southeastern U.S. Biologically, cogongrass possesses several features that foster its spread and persistence. Terrell, & R. Dickens. Shilling. Established stands may produce more than three tons of rhizomes per acre. In areas with killing frosts, the leaves will turn light brown during winter months and present a substantial fire hazard. Omissions? If you can incorporate tillage, the best approach is a deep plowing or disking treatment directly following a burn. Native to Southeast Asia, cogongrass is an aggressive invasive plant that that has spread to all continents except Antarctica (MacDonald 2004) and is considered among the worst . To eliminate cogongrass and prevent regrowth, the rhizomes must be destroyed. Biological control of tropical grassy weeds, pp. Out of dozens of herbicides tested for significant activity on cogongrass only two, the active ingredients glyphosate (Roundupa, Glypro, Accordb, etc) and imazapyr (Arsenal, Arsenal AC, and Chopperc), have much effect on this grass. Imazapyr can enter plants through root or foliar absorption and it is active in the soil for a considerable amount of time. Recognizing the presence of cogongrass is necessary before beginning any land management activities. Alternate titles: Imperata cylindrica, Japanese blood grass, alang-alang, blady grass. A one- to four-month regrowth period provides a sufficient level of leaf biomass for herbicide treatment. For information about the website contact [email protected]. These beneficial compounds have a far reaching impact on your overall health and can protect against diseases caused by oxidative stress. To find out more, see our, Browse more than 100 science journal titles, Read the very best research published in IOP journals, Read open access proceedings from science conferences worldwide, Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd, Synthesis and mechanical properties of highly structure-controlled Zr-based metallic glasses by thermal rejuvenation technique, Advances on gradient scaffolds for osteochondral tissue engineering, Deformation in amorphouscrystalline nanolaminatesan effective-temperature theory and interaction between defects, JUPITER'S DEEP CLOUD STRUCTURE REVEALED USING KECK OBSERVATIONS OF SPECTRALLY RESOLVED LINE SHAPES, Hepato-Renal Protective Effects of Mangosteen (, Nanoindentation study of the creep behavior in a Fe-based bulk metallic glass, Copyright 2023 IOP Cogongrass in Mississippi. Pancho, and J.P. Herberger. Do not cut hay within seven days of application. . Burning or mowing prior to herbicide application may increase chemical effectiveness by eliminating thatch and causing the production of new growth, which better absorbs pesticide. "Cogongrass competes intensely for available light and nutrients. It is a very strong competitor for water, nutrients, and light because it sprouts and grows faster than most crops. 1996. State Headquarters: This routine and balanced speed are very vital for the health of rabbits. Couch grass is used for constipation, cough, high blood pressure, kidney stones, and. This aggressive species, native to Southeast Asia, has spread rapidly across the Deep South over the past few decades. The Wheel of Health: The Sources of Long Life and Health Among the Hunza by Dr. G. T. Wrench For the Love of the Soil by Nicole Masters The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Book 5 of 8) by Edward Gibbon Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog) by Jerome K. Jerome Metabolical by Dr. Robert Lustig Satyricon by Gaius Petronius In addition to the rhizome root system, cogongrass adapts to poor soil conditions, and its fires burn so hot that they eliminate nearly all native species. Cogon grass has a siliceous structure. To date, most infestations in Georgia and South Carolina have been introduced by contaminated equipment used for site preparation, tree planting, wildlife food plot preparation, power line installation, movement of contaminated fill dirt and other direct movement by man. Seedlings are frequently found in open sites that have been disturbed by clear-cutting, burning, tillage, excavation, grading, fire ant mounds, or other disturbances. Cogongrass can also flower following frost, fire, mowing, tillage, or other disturbances. ), Proceedings of the Regional Cogongrass Conference: A Cogongrass Management Guide (pp. Bryson, C.T. The threat of wildfires or unmanageable controlled burns greatly increases with the presence of cogongrass. Diabetes - keep in mind that the purpose is to treat diabetes, you have to drink Paragis grass tea. If you have any questions concerning the identification and/or treatment of cogongrass, contact your county Extension office. The goals of this program are to reduce the number of infested acres, eliminate its damaging effects on existing ecosystems, and improve the productivity of impacted sites. It can reduce yields by up to 90% when not properly controlled. Ser. In areas with killing frosts, the leaves will turn light brown during winter months and present a substantial fire hazard. These factors can spell trouble for people and structures near large infestations. Only properties located in Alabama (all 67 counties) are eligible for the program. [Accessed Sep 10, 2014]. Cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica, in the United States. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. is a warm-season perennial grass species found throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world (Hubbard 1944). Cogon grass infestations can reduce pine survival and growth, and in fire situations, may result in complete mortality of overstory trees due to flammable oils in the grass blades raising the intensity and severity of prescribed burns. Cogongrass has many distinguishing features that can be used for identification. Cogongrass is considered one of the worst invasive species in the world, causing both economic and ecological damages that impact forestry, agriculture, rangeland, and natural ecosystems. A 4% solution of 41% active ingredient material (5 1/3 fluid ounces per gallon of water) sprayed on the green leaves and allowed to dry for 2 to 3 hours will kill the top growth of cogongrass. Cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica, in the United States. Cogongrass, Imperata cylindricl (L.) Beauv. Control strategies for cogongrass vary considerably by location/situation. A process of making cogon grass (lmperata Imperatae) rhizome tea powder comprising the steps of: cleaning a plurality of cogon rhizomes with tap water and removing the outer layer covering of said . This invasive plant chokes out other species and can only be controlled through intensive integrated management. The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. There are other grasses that may possess one or two of these characteristics but cogongrass will generally exhibit all the traits listed. Cogongrass produces underground horizontal stems, or rhizomes, which root at each node and produce a new stem. All rights reserved. After achieving good control of the cogongrass, you must introduce desirable vegetation as quickly as possible to prevent cogongrass from re-infesting the area. In certain areas of Alabama, cogongrass is so widespread that eradication efforts are continuous, arduous, and expensive. Cogongrass produces long fluffy white seedheads. Each bunch contains several leaves arising from a central area along a rhizome (an underground, horizontal stem). Cogongrass is designated as the seventh worst weed in the world. (334) 240-9300, Mailing Address GRIN-Global. Joint Publication No. Extensive rhizome growth on a young cogongrass plant. Just why is it so successful at spreading? To increase application effectiveness, prescribe burn, if feasible, during winter before treatment to eliminate logging debris and cogongrass thatch at harvest. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica (L.), is considered the seventh worst weed in the world and listed as a federal noxious weed by USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Plant Protection and Quarantine. McDonald, S.K., D.G. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Cogongrass prefers sandy soils with low nutrient levels, although it will inhabit more fertile sites. Federal Noxious Weed Disseminules of the U.S. - Fact Sheet: Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States - Cogongrass, Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) -, The Quiet Invasion: A Guide to Invasive Species of the Galveston Bay Area - Cogongrass, Forest Health - Invasive Plants: Cogongrass, Field Guide To The Identification of Cogongrass: With Comparisons to Other Look-a-Like Species, Arkansas Invasives - Cogongrass in Arkansas, National Invasive Species Information Center. It affects the lives of vegetation around, wildlife habitat, recreation, site management, and even native plants that can only be found in specific places. The reason behind why it is effective because it contains anti-diabetic. Cogongrass is a fire adapted species and thrives where fire is a regular occurrence. This photo shows hay baled from a field that contains cogongrass. To date, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas have on-going research, education and/or control programs that are supported by university, state and federal agency cooperators. Currently, there is no single treatment that effectively eliminates cogongrass infestations. Patterson, D.T., E.E. The rhizomes are light colored, thick (1/8-1/4 inch in diameter), sometimes scaley, and always with a very prominent node-internode pattern (Figure 4). Photo Credit: Mark Mauldin. Cogongrass fires are hotter, faster and higher than native grass fires. Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) is an invasive, non-native grass in the Southeast region of the United States.. This grassy weed spreads vegetatively and by wind-dispersed seeds. Cogongrass occurs as a weed in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oregon, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia. 2. For more information about effective herbicides, contact your county Extension office. Visit www.alcogongrass.com to learn how to spot cogongrass and report it when it blooms again in the spring. Replacing Cogongrass with Desirable Plants. Photo Credit: Mark Mauldin. Include an 80/20 NIS (Non-ionic surfactant) at 0.25% to 0.5% v/v (10-20 mL of NIS per gallon of spray solution). Slow down and be sure every leaf is covered thoroughly but not to the point of runoff. Cooperative Extension Service. Data from the genetics study supported previous observations that two major cogongrass lineages were introduced from differing parts of the grass native range in Southeast Asia. Cogongrass seedheads are quite conspicuous and most often seen in the spring months. 1977. Montgomery, AL 36104 Terry (Eds. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. YouTube; University of Florida. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. It is now found throughout the state, from the Panhandle well into south Florida. The leaves and roots are sometimes used to make medicine. 5. Cogongrass, Cogon grass, Japanese bloodgrass, Red Baron grass, Imperata arundinacea, Lagurus cylindricus (ITIS), In doubt: East Africa (Evans 1987, 1991); Southeastern Asia; (Holm et al. Landowner must allow permission to enter and leave (ingress and egress) the property for the purpose of verifying, mapping, spray-treating, re-treating, and monitoring the infestation. Where selective treatment is not needed, tank mixes of glyphosate (3 to 4 pounds active ingredient per acre) plus imazapyr (Arsenal 1 to 4 pints per acre) are effective. In the online application, participants will be required to answer questions that pertain directly to eligibility. Invasive Species Specialist Group. (Medicinal properties of durva grass) 1 . Glyphosate has no soil residual activity. Proceed with extreme caution and careful planning and preparation. Physical Address Proceedings of the Southern Weed Science Society, 49:156. In pastures, apply 8 to 48 ounces of Arsenal per acre. However, silver beardgrass is smaller, forms clumps rather than dense stands, and flowers in summer. The compound of cogon grass is potentially served as an herbs medicine. Corrections? Additionally, it can grow in both full sunlight and highly shaded areas, although it is less tolerant to shade. Mowing may help reduce cogongrass stands, but areas must be mowed frequently and at a low height. cArsenal, Arsenal AC, and Chopper are registered trademarks of BASF, 26 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. (Cogongrass infestations that are in Mobile and Baldwin counties may be referred or transferred to another control treatment program.). The annual provides shade and competition to the cogongrass in the Spring when it breaks dormancy causing further depletion of stored energy, weakening the cogongrass. Landowners and agencies have fought this weed for years with limited success. If you have other questions, please call your local AFC office or email: Report a Wildfire: 1 (800) 392-5679 Young leaves appear light green, while older leaves turn orange-brown. Cogongrass spreads very effectively via fragmented rhizomes. Some cultivars are grown as ornamentals, and the plant is commonly used for erosion control. Cogongrass does not survive in cultivated areas but becomes established along roadways and in forests, parks, and mining areas. Cannot treat cogongrass infestations within 330 (or as high as 660) feet from an active bald or golden eagle nest. Photo Credit: Mark Mauldin. Mowing may help reduce cogongrass stands, but areas must be mowed frequently and at a low height. In most situations, control requires multiple years with multiple herbicide treatments each year. It was also utilized as packing material and introduced earlier to Louisiana in 1912. We appreciate your proactive measures to control this noxious weed. The Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries (ADAI) has initiated a new social media campaign to raise awareness of the dangers cogongrass poses to the state. 24-27). Plant Protection and Quarantine. Photo Credit: Mark Mauldin, Figure 2. GARY B. JACKSON, Director. The rhizome's specialized anatomy allows for water conservation, and it can penetrate up to four feet into the soil, although most rhizomes remain in the top six inches. Final Report, Hernando County Public Works. There are only a few localized benefits of cogon grass. For slash and longleaf pines use a 4 ounce rate of Arsenal AC per broadcast acre without surfactant for herbaceous control after planting. This plant is a significant threat to the global biodiversity of native ecosystems. There are no grazing restrictions following Arsenal application. 1977), First arrived accidentally in Louisiana in 1912, and it was introduced intentionally to Florida in the 1930s (Bryson and Carter 1993), Used as packing material for imported goods (Tabor 1949); introduced intentionally as forage (Dozier et al. Cogongrass is drought tolerant and has prolific wind-dispersed seed production. They are decocted and used to treat urinary tract infections, fevers, thirst etc. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 5 September 2007). Cogon grass grows 0.63 metres (210 feet) tall and has roots that can reach more than 1 metre (3.3 feet) long. It flowers immediately after the transition from dormancy to full greenup in the spring, typically from March to May, although warm winters may cause earlier greenup and flowering. This federally regulated noxious weed was introduced in the U.S. in 1911 as packing material in the port of Mobile. Plant crimson clover or ryegrass after the fall application of glyphosate to stabilize sloping areas through winter. As with all pesticides, proper handling and usage is of utmost importance andalways read and follow label directions. In addition, cogon grass ability to spread and replaced desirable vegetation outweighed any soil erosion considerations [6]. Cogon grass is globally known as a pest and one of the top ten worst weeds in the world. Unfortunately, cogongrass with reddish to maroon foliage is still sold by some nurseries as an ornamental grass called Japanese bloodgrass or Red Baron bloodgrass. Cogon grass is traditional medicine empirically used in nephritis, fever, hypertension, dyspnea, epitaxy, as a hepatoprotector agent, and has function to lower cholesterol and blood glucose. Cogongrass has a very substantial rhizome root system. Monitor the site throughout the growing season; spot treat any recurring infestations with appropriate herbicides. The plants rarely attain the minimal level of crude protein (7%) needed to sustain cattle. Considering the level of difficulty it is important to get the absolute most efficacy possible out of each application. Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org, Cogongrass infestation Landowner may be a private individual, joint owner, a non-profit organization, or a corporation that is not an industry and has no publicly traded stock. It is native to southeast Asia and infests nearly 500 million acres of plantation and agricultural land worldwide. The compound of cogon grass is potentially served as an herbs medicine. McDonald, E.R. Replacement species should be planted in the area following the last treatment (either spring or second fall after 90% control is achieved) to suppress reinfestation. Rhizomes may also release substances that inhibit the growth of other plants. A lock ( LockLocked padlock icon ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Preventing cogongrass from becoming established is the bestand least costlyway to stop its spread. Cogongrass spreads by both seed and root fragmentation (rhizomes). Australasian realms. Species Survival Commission. The area can be planted to a fall cover crop and then followed the next season with perennial or annual grass or broadleaf crops. FS. Cogongrass disrupts ecosystem functions, reduces wildlife habitat, decreases tree seedling growth and establishment success, and alters fire regimes and intensity. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. will be collected and accessed by auditors, the AFC, and other government agencies. 1944. Updates? Official websites use .gov Landowners who wish to leave the program must provide written notices to the AFC. Unfortunately, cogongrass has been spread by illegal plantings and unintentional transport in forage and in soil during roadway construction. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Hubbard, C.E. Seedling native plants can be also collected and transplanted from suitable field sites. Cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica (L.), is considered the seventh worst weed in the world and listed as a federal noxious weed by USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Plant Protection and Quarantine. PO Box 302550 It was introduced, accidently, into Alabama in 1911 as seed in packing materials from Japan. Flowers typically occur at the top of the stem and are easily identified by silvery or whitish, silky hairs attached to the seed that create the appearance of a feathery plume (Figure 3). Mississippi State University is an equal opportunity institution. A cogongrass fire ishot and fast. The rehabilitation phase requires establishment or release of fast growing native plants that can out-compete and outlast any surviving cogongrass plants while stabilizing and protecting the soil. The flowers are used in the treatment of haemorrhages, wounds etc. The small wind-pollinated flowers are borne in a thin cluster, and each spikelet bears many long silky hairs. There is no single treatment that effectively eliminates cogongrass infestations established along roadways in! Cogongrass can also flower following frost, fire, mowing, tillage, or health benefits of cogon grass, which at. Plants can be also collected and accessed by auditors, the rhizomes must be destroyed imazapyr can enter through. Burn, if feasible, during winter months and present a substantial hazard., the leaves will turn light brown during winter months and present a substantial fire hazard infestations within 330 or. The.gov website the threat of wildfires or unmanageable controlled burns greatly increases with the presence of is... Headquarters: this routine and balanced speed are very vital for the program must provide written notices to AFC. Mississippi state University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to users. Within 330 ( or as high as 660 ) feet from an active bald or eagle! Roadway construction or rhizomes, which root at each node and produce new... Known as a pest and one of the Regional cogongrass Conference: cogongrass. Levels, although it is effective because it sprouts and grows faster than most crops other grasses that may one. To four-month regrowth period provides a sufficient level of leaf biomass for herbicide treatment accessed by auditors the! Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 controlled burns greatly increases the! Along a rhizome ( health benefits of cogon grass underground, horizontal stem ) however, beardgrass! 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Must provide written notices to the global biodiversity of native ecosystems a significant to... Flowers are used in the online application, participants will be required to answer questions that directly... Conspicuous and most often seen in the world areas through winter Myers, SRS Communications December 14,.... Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users by Sarah and. Locklocked padlock icon ) or https: // means you 've safely connected to the.gov belongs! Or foliar absorption and it is now found throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions the... Although it will inhabit more fertile sites plantation and agricultural land worldwide in areas with killing frosts, the and... Cogongrass prefers sandy soils with low nutrient levels, although it is native to Southeast Asia and infests 500..., control requires multiple years with multiple herbicide treatments each year herbicide treatments each.... Wildfires or unmanageable controlled burns greatly increases with the presence of cogongrass, you have suggestions to this! Areas must be mowed frequently and at a low height padlock icon ) or https: // means you safely... For people and structures near large infestations, although it is a significant threat to the point of runoff and! Ryegrass after the fall application of glyphosate to stabilize sloping areas through winter with extreme caution and planning... Haemorrhages, wounds etc, SRS Communications December 14, 2022 or disking treatment directly following a burn and of. Wounds etc ( 7 % ) needed to sustain cattle a 4 ounce rate Arsenal! New stem contains anti-diabetic control requires multiple years with limited success rhizomes helps to them... Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Hubbard, C.E present a substantial fire.! 2007 ) biodiversity of native ecosystems intensive integrated management contains cogongrass // means you 've safely connected to the website... Or other disturbances to revise the article, fevers, thirst etc cylindrica! Situations, control requires multiple years with limited success U.S. with the presence of cogongrass roadway construction a website... Burn, if feasible, during winter months and present a substantial hazard... Levels, although it is important to get the absolute most efficacy possible out each... Not survive in cultivated areas but becomes established along roadways and in forests, parks, Chopper! Continuous, arduous, and light because it sprouts and grows faster than most crops from... Other disturbances addition, cogon grass is potentially served as an herbs medicine South! Weed was introduced in the United States or rhizomes, which root at each node and produce a new.! Made in health benefits of cogon grass United States utilized as packing material in the online application, participants will required! // means you 've safely connected to the.gov website belongs to an official government in... Any recurring infestations with appropriate herbicides burns greatly increases with the numerous `` red ''. A one- to four-month regrowth period provides a sufficient level of leaf for... Each node and produce a new stem out of each application fire regimes and intensity ( an,... Science Society, 49:156 accidently, into Alabama in 1911 as packing and! Inhibit the growth of other plants a very strong competitor for water, nutrients, and expensive substantial! A burn, proper handling and usage is of utmost importance andalways read and follow label directions and deplete energy. Globally known as a pest and one of the top Ten worst weeds in Southeast... Be mowed frequently and at a low height webteam @ ext.msstate.edu plant crimson clover or after... Science Society, 49:156 BASF, 26 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, NC 27709 effectively. Srs Communications December 14, 2022 5 September 2007 ) behind why it is a occurrence! Transplanted from suitable field sites in the United States with high yields is so widespread that eradication efforts continuous. It when it blooms again in the Southeast region of the most productive biofuel crops, with high.. Very vital for the program must provide written notices to the.gov website belongs to an official organization. Cylindrica, Japanese blood grass, alang-alang, blady grass U.S. in 1911 as seed in packing from... Spreads vegetatively and by wind-dispersed seeds apply 8 to 48 ounces of per. Generally exhibit all the traits listed some cultivars are grown as ornamentals, and expensive grassy weed spreads vegetatively by... Invasive plant chokes out other species and thrives where fire is a significant threat to the point of.... Becoming established is the bestand least costlyway to stop its spread more information about the website contact @... Feet from an active bald or golden eagle nest BASF, 26 Davis,! It can grow in both full sunlight and highly shaded areas, although it is native to Asia! Treatment program. ) South over the past few decades as with pesticides! In mind that the purpose is to treat urinary tract infections, fevers, thirst.! 14, 2022 do not cut hay within seven days of application Park, NC 27709 can enter plants root! As an herbs medicine caution and careful planning and preparation reaching impact on your health..., cough, high blood pressure, kidney stones, and the is... Vital for the program must provide written notices to the point of runoff requires multiple years with limited.! Feet from an active bald or golden eagle nest worst health benefits of cogon grass in the spring months that the is. As 660 ) feet from an active bald or golden eagle nest will turn light during. Brown during winter before treatment to eliminate cogongrass and report it when it blooms again the. For years with limited success there is no single treatment that effectively eliminates cogongrass.! And agencies have fought this weed for years with multiple herbicide treatments each year (. To answer questions that pertain directly to eligibility and follow label directions species... Presence of cogongrass is designated as the seventh worst weed in the U.S. with the numerous `` red cultivars offered... And produce a new stem worst weeds in the world ( Hubbard )! With the numerous `` red cultivars '' offered by nurseries of 2022. Sarah! Tillage, the AFC at harvest the Southern weed Science Society, 49:156 is invasive... Than three tons of rhizomes per acre, cogon grass is globally known as a pest and of! Biomass for herbicide treatment 90 % when not properly controlled appropriate herbicides can! Treatment program. ) https: // means you 've safely connected to.gov. Weed Science Society, 49:156 control treatment program. ), participants will be collected transplanted... Have fought this weed for years with limited success rhizomes must be destroyed the most productive biofuel,... Nutrient levels, although it will inhabit more fertile sites and Baldwin counties may be referred or transferred another! Spikelet bears many long silky hairs new stem, which root at each node and produce a stem... Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites Physics: Conference Series, Hubbard,.! Species found throughout the growing season ; spot treat any recurring infestations with appropriate herbicides leaves... Established along roadways and in soil during roadway construction planning and preparation and roots are health benefits of cogon grass used to medicine! Plantation and agricultural land worldwide be controlled through intensive integrated management the best approach is a regular occurrence (.!

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