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Mehmeds strategy was straightforward: he would use his fleet and siege lines to blockade Constantinople on all sides while relentlessly battering the walls of the city with cannon. According to some Ottoman sources Constantine was killed in an accidental encounter with Turkish marines a little further to the south, presumably while making his way to the Sea of Marmara in order to escape by sea. [12] The vast majority of the citizens of Constantinople (30,000-50,000) were forced to become slaves. Most of the primary sources seem to be in Latin or Byzantine period Greek. Orban, a Hungarian (though some suggest he was German), was a somewhat mysterious figure. Byzantine Empire. [31]:108[56] With the failure of their attack on the Ottoman vessels, the defenders were forced to disperse part of their forces to defend the sea walls along the Golden Horn. He angled one of his cannons such that it could strike the defenders of the chain and then began to construct an oiled wooden ramp upon which he intended to portage his smaller vessels from the Bosporus to the Golden Horn. https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453, Ancient Origins - The Fall of Constantinople: Relentless Ottoman Fire Power Finally Pulverizes the Last Vestiges of the Roman Empire, Chemistry LibreTexts - The Fall of Constantinople, World History Encyclopedia - The Fall of Constantinople, 1453. The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 is considered by many to be one the most important events in human history. [20]:374[31]:7778 There was another large bombard, independently built by Turkish engineer Saruca, that was also used in the battle.[51][52]. (14) $3.00. [71] According to historian Philip Mansel, widespread persecution of the city's civilian inhabitants took place, resulting in thousands of murders and rapes. Played 125 times. Overview The Byzantine Empire was the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire after the Western Roman Empire's fall in the fifth century CE. Document 1: Turkish troops withdraw from Bulgaria and Russia. The dwindling Byzantine Empire came to an end when the Ottomans breached Constantinoples ancient land wall after besieging the city for 55 days. It is possible that all these phenomena were local effects of the cataclysmic 1452/1453 mystery eruption which occurred around the time of the siege. Byzantium is a term used by modern historians to refer to the later Roman Empire. Fall of Rome . Cardinal Isidore, funded by the Pope, arrived in 1452 with 200 archers. the sultan mehmed built a fortress in the winter of 1451 that cut off constantine's shipment supplies. The dwindling Byzantine Empire came to an end when the Ottomans breached Constantinople's ancient land wall after besieging the city for 55 days. Two attempts to rush the Gate of St. Romanus and the Blachernae walls were met with fierce resistance, and the Ottoman soldiers were forced to fall back. . fighting Empire's downfall (4) Emptied the treasury Successors would lose what was gained Weakened the defense, by spreading the army out Victories were temporary What did Empire Constantine do? According to Niccol Barbaro, "all through the day the Turks made a great slaughter of Christians through the city". In contrast to the Byzantines, the Ottoman Turks had extended their control over virtually all of the Balkans and most of Anatolia, having conquered several Byzantine cities west of Constantinople in the latter half of the 14th century. Other sources claim far more brutal and successful pillaging by the Ottoman invaders. Another strategy employed by the Byzantines was the repair and fortification of the Land Wall (Theodosian Walls). [31]:94 Although the Byzantines also had cannons, the weapons were much smaller than those of the Ottomans, and the recoil tended to damage their own walls. These walls had never been breached in the thousand years since their construction. The regular troops from Anatolia under Ishak Pasha were stationed south of the Lycus down to the Sea of Marmara. They were built at foundries that employed Turkish cannon founders and technicians, most notably Saruca, in addition to at least one foreign cannon founder, Orban (also called Urban). [20]:376 This action seriously threatened the flow of supplies from Genoese ships from the nominally neutral colony of Pera and it demoralized the Byzantine defenders. constantine ran out of money and became the capital due to the fall of rome. [20]:377 On 28 May, as the Ottoman army prepared for the final assault, mass religious processions were held in the city. The sultan had Pere Juli, his sons and the consul Joan de la Via, amongst others, beheaded. My friends and men of my empire! Among many modern historians, the fall of Constantinople is considered the end of the medieval period. When the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, the capitol city of the Eastern Roman Empire, a new country was later developed known as Turkey. The Ottoman besiegers vastly outnumbered the Byzantines and their allies. military problems like armor and conscription legal injustice foreign invasions and natural disasters''NAME CONSTANTINOPLE DBQ . 1458-1464), called for a crusade, convening a council in 1459 to drum up support. Some Western individuals, however, came to help defend the city on their own account. Constantine XI's survival and subsequent rescue by an angel, bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco-Roman tradition to Italy, "One among many renegades: the Serb janissary Konstantin Mihailovi and the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans", "Militarization of the Serbian State under Ottoman Pressure", "Fall of Constantinople | Facts, Summary, & Significance | Britannica", "stanbul'un fethinde 600 Trk askeri, Fatih'e kar savat", "Constantinople: City of the World's Desire 14531924", "The Conquest of Constantinople and the end of empire", "Bosphorus (i.e. Having encircled Constantinople in full, Mehmed continued his artillery barrage of the land walls through May 29. [107][108] However many of the myths surrounding the disappearance of Constantine were developed later and little evidence can be found to support them even in friendly primary accounts of the siege. They enslaved boys and girls and took silver and gold vessels, precious stones and all sorts of valuable goods and fabrics from the imperial palace and the houses of the rich Every tent was filled with handsome boys and beautiful girls. In retaliation, the defenders brought their Ottoman prisoners, 260 in all, to the walls, where they were executed, one by one, before the eyes of the Ottomans. The Sack of Constantinople The Crusader army arrived outside Constantinople on 24 June 1203 CE. The Bashi-bazouks were spread out behind the front lines. a year ago. The Ottoman cannon created several breaches, but most were too narrow to send troops through. This will cover from the rise of Islam, to its sieges of t. [26] This calculation was boosted by Mehmed's friendly overtures to the European envoys at his new court. View Constantinople DBQ.docx from HIST 1110/07 at Kennesaw State University. By the mid-15th century, constant struggles for dominance with its Balkan neighbours and Roman Catholic rivals had diminished Byzantine imperial holdings to Constantinople and the land immediately west of it. [96]:446, Constantine XI had died without producing an heir, and had Constantinople not fallen he likely would have been succeeded by the sons of his deceased elder brother, who were taken into the palace service of Mehmed after the fall of Constantinople. Some topics include Justinian and his Law Code,Theodora, trade power of Constantinople, The Great Schism, the invasion of the Ottomans, etc. [32]:388 The Greek houses nearest to the walls were the first to suffer from the Ottomans. The younger son, renamed Mesih Pasha, became Admiral of the Ottoman fleet and Sancak Beg (Governor) of the Province of Gallipoli. It can serve as a formative or final assessment in a unit on medieval Islamic civilization, an introduction to DBQs and DBQ writing, or a class activity to help teach the fall of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire, or the Ottoman Empire. This chain, which floated on logs, was strong enough to prevent any Turkish ship from entering the harbour. Nevertheless, just as deeply entrenched was the understanding that Byzantine control of Constantinople was a necessary bastion against Muslim control of land and sea in the eastern Mediterranean. The Walls of Constantinople, especially the Theodosian Walls, were some of the most advanced defensive systems in the world at the time. Document 1 . [note 4] At the onset of the siege, probably fewer than 50,000 people were living within the walls, including the refugees from the surrounding area. The force consisted of around 4,500 knights and their squires, up to 14,000 infantry, and 20,000-30,000 Venetians. [15] Around the same time, the captains of the Venetian ships that happened to be present in the Golden Horn offered their services to the Emperor, barring contrary orders from Venice, and Pope Nicholas undertook to send three ships laden with provisions, which set sail near the end of March. A turning point in Western history, the Fall of Constantinople is seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance. [105], Four days later, the whole city was blotted out by a thick fog, a condition unknown in that part of the world in May. History. The Nicaeans eventually reconquered Constantinople from the Latins in 1261, reestablishing the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty. Constantinople had been an imperial capital since its consecration in 330 under Roman emperor Constantine the Great. They are not such very ancient events nor of such a sort as to be forgotten through the lapse of time. 10th grade. The main effect of the fall of Constantinople in 1453 was the downfall of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire. Now, at this happy and joyful moment of time, we have the riches of the Greeks, we have won their empire, and their religion is completely extinguished. He also began the construction of the Boazkesen (later called the Rumelihisar), a fortress at the narrowest point of the Bosporus, in order to restrict passage between the Black and Mediterranean seas. The crosses which had been placed on the roofs or the walls of churches were torn down and trampled. A propaganda initiative was stimulated by anti-unionist Orthodox partisans in Constantinople; the population, as well as the laity and leadership of the Byzantine Church, became bitterly divided. While standing before the head, the sultan in his speech said:[101]. Some contemporaneous Western sources gave exaggerated figures ranging from 160,000 to 300,000. The fleet was twice driven back, and Baltaolu retreated to Diplokionion until the night of the 17th, when he moved to capture the Princes Islands southeast of the city at the same time that Mehmeds land regiments assaulted the Mesoteichon section of the wall. We are going to learn more about why Constantinople was so successful and how it benefited the Eastern Roman Empire [54] This train included Orban's enormous cannon, which was said to have been dragged from Edirne by a crew of 60 oxen and over 400 men. The Byzantines knew him by the Latin spelling of his name, "John Justinian", named after the famous 6th century Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great. [12][14][72][13][73], They made the people of the city slaves and killed their emperor, and the gazis embraced their pretty girls", confirm Ottoman Chroniclers. The Discussion after the Arrival of Alexis. Forty Italians escaped their sinking ships and swam to the northern shore. Giustiniani was stationed to the north of the emperor, at the Charisian Gate (Myriandrion); later during the siege, he was shifted to the Mesoteichion to join Constantine, leaving the Myriandrion to the charge of the Bocchiardi brothers. Perhaps most important was the conflict that developed between the churches of east and west. Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro receive independence from the Ottoman Empire (previously had autonomous status). On orders of Mehmed, they were impaled on stakes, in sight of the city's defenders on the sea walls across the Golden Horn. The rest of the citizens repaired walls, stood guard on observation posts, collected and distributed food provisions, and collected gold and silver objects from churches to melt down into coins to pay the foreign soldiers. Until!about!1450,!Europe!was!mostly!cut!off!and!isolated!fromthe!SilkRoads.Withoutaccessto the!wealth,!trade!goods,!technologies,!and!ideas!that . A few civilians managed to escape. This section was considered the weakest spot in the walls and an attack was feared here most. [31]:145[85] Soldiers fought over the possession of some of the spoils of war. Name Constantinople Dbq Historical Context: Fillable, Printable & Blank PDF Form for Free. The Christian troops of the Ottoman Empire attacked first, followed by successive waves of the irregular azaps, who were poorly trained and equipped and Anatolian Turkmen beylik forces who focused on a section of the damaged Blachernae walls in the north-west part of the city. The bulk of the Ottoman army was encamped south of the Golden Horn. Thereafter, there was little peace for the much-weakened empire as it fended off successive attacks by the Latins, Serbs, Bulgarians and Ottoman Turks. The city's strategic location and wealth made it a major prize for conquerors, and its fall had far-reaching consequences for the rest of Europe. So I proceeded to Constantinople and made my entry after I had been met and most . While Mehmed II had been steadily preparing for the siege of Constantinople, he had sent the old general Turakhan and the latter's two sons, Ahmed Beg and Omar Beg, to invade the. 197-205. The Fall of Constantinople is depicted in Season 1 of the Netflix series Rise of Empires: Ottoman. [43], After these inconclusive attacks, the Ottomans sought to break through the walls by constructing tunnels to mine them from mid-May to 25 May. When most of Constantinople was secure, Mehmed himself rode through the streets of the city to the great cathedral of Hagia Sophia, the largest in all of Christendom, and converted it into the mosque Ayasofya. They largely refrained from slaughtering commoners and nobility, instead choosing to ransom them to their home states and primarily executing only those who fought after the surrender. [20]:304 The crusaders established an unstable Latin state in and around Constantinople while the remainder of the Byzantine Empire splintered into a number of successor states, notably Nicaea, Epirus and Trebizond. [75] The elder refugees in the Hagia Sophia were slaughtered and the women raped. [70]:130, The women of Constantinople suffered from rape at the hands of Ottoman forces. [111], The name of Istanbul is thought to be derived from the Greek phrase s tmbol(n) (Greek: , translit. Rome had tangled with Germanic tribes for centuries, but. According to David Nicolle, the ordinary people were treated better by their Ottoman conquerors than their ancestors had been by Crusaders back in 1204, stating that only about 4,000 Greeks died in the siege, while according to a Venetian Senate report, 50 Venetian noblemen and over 500 other Venetian civilians died during the siege. Emperor John VIII Palaiologos had also recently negotiated union with Pope Eugene IV, with the Council of Florence of 1439 proclaiming a Bull of Union. You will protest that the Turks moved from Asia to Greece a long time ago, that the Mongols established themselves in Europe and the Arabs occupied parts of Spain, having approached through the straits of Gibraltar. This city expanded into the Byzantine Empire, a continuation of the Roman Empire in Eastern Europe even after the Western Roman Empire fell. [20]:376, Despite some probing attacks, the Ottoman fleet under Baltoghlu could not enter the Golden Horn due to the chain across the entrance. Robert seems to have returned to France in 1205, since although his work contains references up . Their father's words encouraged them, and they were also were ready to die. [30], The city had about 20km of walls (land walls: 5.5km; sea walls along the Golden Horn: 7km; sea walls along the Sea of Marmara: 7.5km), one of the strongest sets of fortified walls in existence. Despite his pleas, no Western monarch stepped forward to lead the effort. Letter on the Death of the Emperor Frederick I (113.6KB PDF Document) [23]:280, 29 May 1453, the day of the fall of Constantinople, fell on a Tuesday, and since then Tuesday has been considered an unlucky day by Greeks generally. [2] Mansel, Philip. The Genoese general in charge of the defenders on land, Giovanni Giustiniani, was grievously wounded during the attack, and his evacuation from the ramparts caused a panic in the ranks of the defenders. The Public Defiance 3. History. 0. When Turkish flags were seen flying above the Kerkoporta, a small postern gate that was left open, panic ensued and the defence collapsed. For Christendom, Mehmeds victory at Constantinople represented a serious shift in its dealings with the East. The sultan thus completed his conquest of the Byzantine capital. Recent studies and Ottoman archival data state that there were some 50,00080,000 Ottoman soldiers, including between 5,000 and 10,000 Janissaries,[3][pageneeded] 70 cannons,[41]:139140[40][pageneeded][42][pageneeded] and an elite infantry corps, and thousands of Christian troops, notably 1,500 Serbian cavalry that ura Brankovi was forced to supply as part of his obligation to the Ottoman sultan[1][2] just a few months before, Brankovi had supplied the money for the reconstruction of the walls of Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire through Primary Sources DOCUMENT 4 Laws of Justinian (529-534CE) Besides the Hagia Sophia the other major accomplishment of the Roman's (of Byzantine Empire) during the reign of Justinian was the Corpus Juris Civilis (Justinian's Code).Which took centuries of built up Roman law and codified/standardized it for the empire. One cause of the collapse of the western Roman Empire was the empire's vast (fill in the blank) Size. [1][2] Contemporaneous Western witnesses of the siege, who tend to exaggerate the military power of the Sultan, provide disparate and higher numbers ranging from 160,000 to 300,000[3][pageneeded] (Niccol Barbaro:[43] 160,000; the Florentine merchant Jacopo Tedaldi[44] and the Great Logothete George Sphrantzes:[45][pageneeded] 200,000; the Cardinal Isidore of Kiev[46] and the Archbishop of Mytilene Leonardo di Chio:[47] 300,000). The fall of Constantinople, and thus the end of the Byzantine Empire, was a crushing blow for Christendom. 10th grade . [84], Mehmed II granted his soldiers three days to plunder the city, as he had promised them and in accordance with the custom of the time. ! The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. [31]:15051 Byzantine historian George Sphrantzes, an eyewitness to the fall of Constantinople, described the Sultan's actions:[87][88]. The Fall of Constantinople: A Symposium Held at the School of Oriental and African Studies 29 May 1953. His mission to the court of Basil II concerned Bardas Skleros, a claimant to the Byzantine throne who had gone to Baghdad seeking Arab support. The Secret History is his personal, and perhaps more honest, description. Ascending to the Ottoman throne in 1451, Mehmed II began making preparations to reduce the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. Nonetheless, depictions of Christian coalitions taking the city and of the late Emperor's resurrection by Leo the Wise persisted. A devastating blow to Christendom, the loss of Constantinople led Pope Nicholas V to call for an immediate crusade to recover the city. Byzantine DBQ Questions 8/21 DRAFT. Constantine. The Phanariotes, as they were called, provided many capable advisers to the Ottoman rulers. PDF. Bosporus), View from Kuleli, Constantinople, Turkey", "Islam, from the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople: Religion and society", "The Hagia Sophia and Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism", "Body counts: the dark side of Christian history", "Saving the Third Rome. 0. The most straightforward theory for Western Rome's collapse pins the fall on a string of military losses sustained against outside forces. On April 6 the Ottomans began their artillery barrage and brought down a section of the wall. "[101], The news spread rapidly across the Islamic world. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. He replied that it would be far better for me to die than hand over my own child to be despoiled by him. Mehmed was enraged after hearing this and ordered Loukas to be executed. [20]:378 Prayer and resting was then granted to the soldiers on 28 May before the final assault would be launched. 30 November 2015. He claimed the rise of Christianity contributed to the fall of Rome as it bred a 'turn the other cheek' mentality. A historical consensus has not been formed on the fall of the Roman Empire. [53] Orban initially tried to sell his services to the Byzantines, but they were unable to secure the funds needed to hire him. At the same time, Constantine's attempts to appease the Sultan with gifts ended with the execution of the Emperor's ambassadors. SQ 5. how What are we learning today? Around this time, Mehmed had a final council with his senior officers. Ultimately, his fate remains unknown. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. An adjoining sea wall ran along the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara, the latter section being 20 feet (6 metres) high and 5 miles (8 km) long. In April, having quickly seized Byzantine coastal settlements along the Black Sea and Sea of Marmara, Ottoman regiments in Rumelia and Anatolia assembled outside the Byzantine capital. Communication was maintained by a road that had been destroyed over the marshy head of the Horn. Fall of Constantinople, (May 29, 1453), conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman official Tursun Beg wrote: After having completely overcome the enemy, the soldiers began to plunder the city. These charges of cowardice and treason were so widespread that the. Lastly, he guaranteed the safety of the population that might choose to remain in the city. The new fortress sat directly across the strait from the Anadolu Hisar fortress, built by Mehmed's great-grandfather Bayezid I. Our men shot at them with guns and crossbows, aiming at the Turk who was carrying away his dead countryman, and both of them would fall to the ground dead, and then there came other Turks and took them away, none fearing death, but being willing to let ten of themselves be killed rather than suffer the shame of leaving a single Turkish corpse by the walls. If any citizens of Constantinople tried to resist, they were slaughtered. Constantinople itself became an Ottoman vassal during this period. The fall of Constantinople was a major turning point in history, as it marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of the Ottoman Empire. Philippides, Marios and Walter K. Hanak, The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, Ashgate, Farnham and Burlington 2011. Constantinople DBQ Historical Context: Constantinople's location was beneficial to the Byzantine Empire Task: Using evidence from the documents, write a paragraph discussing three ways Constantinople's location was beneficial to the Byzantine Empire. Eyewitness Jacopo Tedaldi estimates a presence of 30,000 to 35,000 armed civilians and only 6,000 to 7,000 trained soldiers. The defending army's Genoese corps were well trained and equipped, while the rest of the army consisted of small numbers of well-trained soldiers, armed civilians, sailors and volunteer forces from foreign communities, and finally monks. The city was located between Asia and Europe, making it a very diverse and strategic place. An Ottoman attack on a Venetian ship in the Bosporus prompted the Venetian Senate to send 800 troops and 15 galleys to the Byzantine capital, and many Venetians presently in Constantinople also chose to support the war effort, but the bulk of the Venetian forces were delayed for too long to be of any help. Witnessing a Ghazi wildly hammering at the marble floor, he asked what he was doing. 1.6k plays . The Venetian Alviso Diedo commanded the ships in the harbour. The First Payment 2. The Ottoman galleys were too short to capture the tall European warships, and, with the help of the Golden Horn fleet, the warships safely sailed past the chain. He also claimed the religion valued idle and unproductive people and also led to internal divisions. They are also said to have been executed. The city was mainly populated by Christians and now has become an Islamic city. Rumours of Constantine XI's survival and subsequent rescue by an angel led many to hope that the city would one day return to Christian hands. Some suggest that the fall of Rome and the state of America now, are very similar in social, political, and economic aspects. He then ordered a muezzin ascend the pulpit and sound a prayer[89][90] The Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque, but the Greek Orthodox Church was allowed to remain intact and Gennadius Scholarius was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople. [55], At the beginning of the siege, Mehmed sent out some of his best troops to reduce the remaining Byzantine strongholds outside the city of Constantinople. A rout of the defenders ensued, with many of the Venetian and Genoese fighters retreating to their ships in the Golden Horn. Media related to Fall of Constantinople (1453) at Wikimedia Commons. [31]:147 Another legend refers to the Marble Emperor (Constantine XI), holding that an angel rescued the emperor when the Ottomans entered the city, turning him into marble and placing him in a cave under the earth near the Golden Gate, where he waits to be brought to life again (a variant of the sleeping hero legend). When Mehmed II succeeded his father in 1451, he was just nineteen years old. Mehmed cut him down with his Kilij: Be satisfied with the booty and the captives; the buildings of the city belong to me.[79], During the festivities, and as he had promised his viziers and his other officers, Mehmed had the wretched citizens of Constantinople dragged before them and ordered many of them to be hacked to pieces, for the sake of entertainment.[80][81], Byzantine historian Doukas claims that, while drunk during his victory banquet, the Sultan ordered the Grand Duke Loukas Notaras to give his youngest son to him for his pleasure. 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