describe the policies of akbardescribe the policies of akbar

Akbars alliance with the Rajputs began as a political coalition but later, it developed into an instrument of closer relations between Hindus and Muslims which [146] In 1567, on the advice of Shaikh Abdu'n Nabi, he ordered the exhumation of Mir Murtaza Sharifi Shirazi a Shia buried in Delhi because of the grave's proximity to that of Amir Khusrau, arguing that a "heretic" could not be buried so close to the grave of a Sunni saint, reflecting a restrictive attitude towards the Shia, which continued to persist until the early 1570s. [199], She commanded a high rank in the imperial harem and was a recipient of many privileges. -Akbar is able to expand. In another turning point of Akbar's reign, Raja Man Singh I of Amber went with Akbar to meet the Hada leader, Surjan Hada, to effect an alliance. Later the lowest age for marriage was raised to 16 for the boys and 14 for the girls. [61] The conquest and subjugation of Gujarat proved highly profitable for the Mughals; the territory yielded a revenue of more than five million rupees annually to Akbar's treasury, after expenses. The system persisted with few changes down to the end of the Mughal Empire, but was progressively weakened under his successors. They were, according to Abul Fazl "afraid of the cold of Afghanistan." [89] The mansabdars were remunerated well for their services and constituted the highest paid military service in the world at the time. It was [111], Akbar accepted the offer of diplomacy, but the Portuguese continually asserted their authority and power in the Indian Ocean; Akbar was highly concerned when he had to request a permit from the Portuguese before any ships from the Mughal Empire were to depart for the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina. [162] To commemorate Din-e-Ilahi, he changed the name of Prayag to Allahabad (pronounced as ilahabad) in 1583. Akbar occupied Burhanpur and besieged Asirgarh Fort in 1599, and took it on 17 January 1601, when Miran Bahadur Shah refused to submit Khandesh. [147] Consequently, during the latter half of his reign, he adopted a policy of tolerance towards the Shias and declared a prohibition on Shia-Sunni conflict, and the empire remained neutral in matters of internal sectarian conflict. Emperor of Islam, Emir of the Faithful, Shadow of God on earth, Abul Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar Badshah Ghazi (whose empire Allah perpetuate), is a most just, most wise, and a most God-fearing ruler. Following a brief confrontation, however, Muhammad Hakim accepted Akbar's supremacy and retreated back to Kabul. [94] Indeed, Akbar would make concerted efforts to improve roads to facilitate the use of wheeled vehicles through the Khyber Pass, the most popular route frequented by traders and travelers journeying from Kabul into Mughal India. His policy brought the Rajput chiefs into the imperial fold and gave their blood in building Mughal Empire in India. [47], Despite the ultimate success in Malwa, the conflict exposed cracks in Akbar's personal relationships with his relatives and Mughal nobles. The outnumbered Mughal army then won a decisive victory on September 2, 1573. Remission was given to peasants when the harvest failed during times of flood or drought. A few months later, Humayun died. [72] The recovery of Kandahar had not been a priority for Akbar, but after his prolonged military activity in the northern frontiers, a move to restore Mughal rule over the region became desirable. [205] Another of his wives was Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum, the daughter of Shaikh Muhammad Bakhtiyar and the sister of Shaikh Jamal Bakhtiyar. [93] The Mughal government encouraged traders, provided protection and security for transactions, and levied a very low custom duty to stimulate foreign trade. Daud Khan was later captured and executed by Mughal forces. Akbars [66][69] The Afghan tribes on the border were also restless, partly on account of the hostility of the Yusufzai of Bajaur and Swat, and partly owing to the activity of a new religious leader, Bayazid, the founder of the Roshaniyya sect. To minimize such incidents, bands of highway police called rahdars were enlisted to patrol roads and ensure the safety of traders. [135] Diplomatic relations continued to be maintained between the Safavid and Mughal courts until the end of Akbar's reign. [50] Akbar did not personally lead the campaign because he was preoccupied with the Uzbek rebellion, leaving the expedition in the hands of Asaf Khan, the Mughal governor of Kara. The diversity of these accounts is attributed to the fact that his reign resulted in the formation of a flexible centralised state accompanied by personal authority and cultural heterogeneity. WebThe 13 chief features of Akbars Rajput policy are as follows: 1. The marriage took place on 3 November 1592. Matrimonial alliances: In 1562, Akbar married the daughter of Raja Bihari Mai of Amber (modern Jaipur). [54] Palace for Akbar's favorite queen, a huge artificial lake, and sumptuous water-filled courtyards were built there. [61] Gujarat, with its coastal regions, possessed areas of rich agricultural production in its central plain, an impressive output of textiles and other industrial goods, and the busiest seaports of India. [60] Udai Singh's power and influence was broken. As a consequence of this colonialism, all other trading entities were subject to the terms and conditions of the Portuguese, and this was resented by the rulers and traders of the time including Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. [30][34] The basis of this military prowess and authority was Akbar's skilful structural and organisational calibration of the Mughal army. He pardoned his brother Hakim, who was a repented rebel. In 1567, Akbar moved to reduce the Chittor Fort in Mewar. Religious Policy of Akbar: Akbar is known for his liberal ideas and liberal religious policy. There was only a transient occupation of the two provinces by the Mughals under his grandson, Shah Jahan, in the mid-17th century. [96] The coins of Akbar's grandfather, Babur, and father, Humayun, are basic and devoid of any innovation as the former was busy establishing the foundations of the Mughal rule in India while the latter was ousted by the Afghan, Sher Shah Suri, and returned to the throne only to die a year later. [72] Furthermore, Kandahar was at this time under threat from the Uzbeks, but the Emperor of Persia, himself beleaguered by the Ottoman Turks, was unable to send any reinforcements. She was a poetess and was regarded as a remarkable woman being a poetess, lover of books, and actively played a role in the politics of the Mughal court during Akbar's and Jahangir's reigns. In the year 1564, she gave birth to twins named Mirza Hassan and Mirza Hussain. His power and influence, however, extended over the entire subcontinent because of Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. [47] When a powerful clan of Uzbek chiefs broke out in rebellion in 1564, Akbar decisively defeated and routed them in Malwa and then Bihar. between Akbar and ruler from Delhi, Akbar wins. After suffering further defeats, Jani Beg surrendered to the Mughals in 1591, and in 1593, paid homage to Akbar in Lahore. The Portuguese Governor, upon the request of Akbar, sent him an ambassador to establish friendly relations. [136] Qandahar continued to remain in Mughal possession, and the Hindukush the empire's western frontier, for several decades until Shah Jahan's expedition into Badakhshan in 1646. Brainly User. [171] Even as he was in the Punjab, 200 miles away from the Ganges, the water was sealed in large jars and transported to him. Akbar then established the Subahs of Ahmadnagar, Berar, and Khandesh under Prince Daniyal. Expansion. [174] Jain authors also wrote about their experience at the Mughal court in Sanskrit texts that are still largely unknown to Mughal historians. He abolished the pilgrim tax and the practice of forcible conversion of prisoners of war . He had also adopted several children including: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Several Uzbek chieftains were subsequently slain and the rebel leaders trampled to death under elephants. [184][bettersourceneeded] According to Jahangir's memoirs, he was fond of fruits and had little liking for meat, which he stopped eating in his later years. [70] In return, Abdullah Khan agreed to refrain from supporting, subsidising, or offering refuge to the Afghan tribes hostile to the Mughals. The cost of her largest ship named 'Rahimi', built on the orders of Akbar, is estimated to be around 300,000 pounds (Rs 3 crores approximately[when?]). [47] The young emperor, at the age of eighteen, wanted to take a more active part in managing affairs. Since 1574, the northern fortress of Bhakkar had remained under imperial control. He touched the western sea in Sind and at Surat and was well astride central India. [citation needed], Bhavishya Purana is a minor Purana that depicts the various Hindu holy days and includes a section devoted to the various dynasties that ruled India, dating its oldest portion to 500 CE and newest to the 18th century. The Mughal army was subsequently victorious at the Battle of Tukaroi in 1575, which led to the annexation of Bengal and parts of Bihar that had been under the dominion of Daud Khan. Now, in 1586, the Mughal governor of Multan tried and failed to secure the capitulation of Mirza Jani Beg, the independent ruler of Thatta in southern Sindh. His nose is straight and small though not insignificant. [144], Akbar sponsored religious debates between different Muslim groups (Sunni, Shia, Ismaili, and Sufis), Parsis, Hindus (Shaivite and Vaishnava), Sikhs, Jains, Jews, Jesuits, and Materialists, but was partial to Sufism; he proclaimed that 'the wisdom of Vedanta is the wisdom of Sufism'. The number of horses was greater because they had to be rested and rapidly replaced in times of war. here is your answer. This also formed the basis for Akbar's policy of religious tolerance. Akbars policy towards the Rajputs: Rajputs were the powerful enemies of the Mughals. For other uses, see, Campaigns in Afghanistan and Central Asia, Relations with other contemporary kingdoms, Official sources, such as contemporary biographer, Murray, Stuart. After Bairam Khan died in 1561, Akbar married her in the same year. [88], Akbar was a follower of Salim Chishti, a holy man who lived in the region of Sikri near Agra. It was called Fatehpur Sikri ("the city of victory"). For the next thirty years, it remained under Persian rule. [95], In September 1579, Jesuits from Goa were invited to visit the court of Akbar. [175], The Indian Supreme Court has cited examples of co-existence of Jain and Mughal architecture, calling Akbar "the architect of modern India" and that "he had great respect" for Jainism. Religious policy of Akbar: Akbar was liberal minded and tolerant of other religions. The Portuguese made mention of the extraordinary status of the vessel and the special status to be accorded to its occupants. Their dynasty was called Din Laqab and had been living for a long time in Chandwar and Jalesar near Agra. As a result, the Rajputs became the strongest allies of the Mughals, and Rajput soldiers and generals fought for the Mughal army under Akbar, leading it in several campaigns including the conquest of Gujarat in 1572. [75] Beleaguered by constant Uzbek raids, and seeing the reception of Rostom Mirza at the Mughal court, the Safavid prince and governor of Kandahar, Mozaffar Hosayn, also agreed to defect to the Mughals. The state agreed to pay one-third of the produce under the schedule (Dastur-i He never again ventured out of his mountain refuge in Mewar and Akbar was content to let him be. Upset by this, Akbar opened the Ibadat Khana to people of all religions as well as atheists, resulting in the scope of the discussions broadening and extending even into areas such as the validity of the Quran and the nature of God. The marriage ceremony took place after Akbar's return from Nagor. The village continued to remain the primary unit of revenue assessment. His foster brother retained all the spoils and followed through with the Central Asian practice of slaughtering the surrendered garrison, their wives and children, and many Muslim theologians and Sayyids, who were the descendants of Muhammad. [27] She was a senior-ranking wife of Akbar. hope this will help u. plzz mark me as brainliest. [177], Akbar's reign was chronicled extensively by his court historian Abul Fazl in the books Akbarnama and Ain-i-akbari. He created a powerful military system and instituted effective political and social reforms. [66], The Kabul expedition was the beginning of a long period of activity over the northern frontiers of the empire. [224] Rai Loukaran and Rajah Birbar, servants of the Rajah were sent from Dihalpur to do the honour of conveying his daughter. History . [68] The gravest threat came from the Uzbeks, the tribe that had driven his grandfather, Babur, out of Central Asia. Miran's request acceded and an order was issued. He was notable for his command in battle, and, "like Alexander of Macedon, was always ready to risk his life, regardless of political consequences". WebAkbar The Rajput Policy Administration Revenue Reforms Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb The War of Succession Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb Aurangzebs Further, newer generations of the Mughal line represented a merger of Mughal and Rajput blood, thereby strengthening ties between the two. [61] Akbar would celebrate his conquest of Rajputana by laying the foundation of a new capital, 23 miles (37km) W.S.W of Agra in 1569. [61] In 1572, he moved to occupy Ahmedabad, the capital, and other northern cities, and was proclaimed the lawful sovereign of Gujarat. She was bestowed with the name 'Wali Nimat Begum' (Blessings/Gift of God) by Akbar shortly after her marriage. [63], Akbar's next military objectives were the conquest of Gujarat and Bengal, which connected India with the trading centres of Asia, Africa, and Europe through the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal respectively. Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overwhelmed with grief. [70] The outnumbered Mughal forces defeated the Sindhi forces at the Battle of Sehwan. Revenue officials were guaranteed only three-quarters of their salary, with the remaining quarter dependent on their full realisation of the revenue assessed. [25] Humayun conferred on the imperial couple, all the wealth, army, and adherents of Hindal and Ghazni which one of Hindal's jagir was given to his nephew, Akbar, who was appointed as its viceroy and was also given the command of his uncle's army. [151] Given the prevailing Islamic sectarian conflicts in various parts of the country at that time, it is believed that the Mazhar helped stabilize the religious situation in the empire. The city capitulated without resistance on 18 April 1595, and the ruler Muzaffar Hussain moved into Akbar's court. Mozaffar Hosayn, who was in any case in an adversary relationship with his overlord, Shah Abbas, was granted a rank of 5000 men, and his daughter Kandahari Begum was married to Akbar's grandson, the Mughal prince, Khurram. This was a dolo union as opposed to formal marriage, representing the bride's lower status in her father's household, and serving as an expression of vassalage to an overlord. [47] He created specialised ministerial posts relating to imperial governance; no member of the Mughal nobility was to have unquestioned pre-eminence. Akbar forgave him, however, and gave him the option of either continuing in his court or resuming his pilgrimage; Bairam chose the latter. [70] Akbar immediately fielded new armies to reinvade the Yusufzai lands under the command of Raja Todar Mal. He stayed there for three weeks, in the absence of his brother, who had fled into the mountains. [204], In the year 1562, Akbar married the former wife of Abdul Wasi, the son of Shaikh Bada, lord of Agra. [176] Santichandra, disciple of Suri, was sent to the Emperor, who in turn left his disciples Bhanuchandra and Siddhichandra in the court. [210] He also married Nathi Bai, daughter of Rawal Har Rai, the ruler of Jaisalmer in 1570. [84] Akbar also actively encouraged the improvement and extension of agriculture. [180] According to Jahangir, Akbar was "of the hue of wheat; his eyes and eyebrows were black, and his complexion rather dark than fair". He is believed to have died on 26 October 1605. In 1558, while Akbar was consolidating his rule over northern India, the Safavid emperor, Tahmasp I, had seized Kandahar and expelled its Mughal governor. Most controversial policies of Akbar include abolition of jizya, immunity given to Hindu pandits and European Jesuits at the Ibadat Khana, prohibition of cow-slaughter, marriage reforms, discipleship, etc. He had Sanskrit literature translated, participated in native festivals, realising that a stable empire depended on the co-operation and good-will of his subjects. [170], Even his son Jahangir and grandson Shahjahan maintained many of Akbar's concessions, such as the ban on cow slaughter, having only vegetarian dishes on certain days of the week, and drinking only Ganges water. (b) He accepted the services of all those Rajput rulers who surrendered to him voluntarily. In 1599, Akbar moved his capital back to Agra from where he ruled until his death. [101] Akbar's policy of religious tolerance ensured that employment in the imperial administration was open to all on merit irrespective of creed, and this led to an increase in the strength of the administrative services of the empire. The military paymaster also was known as BakhshL The minister in charge of religious and Believing the area to be a lucky one for himself, he had a mosque constructed there for the use of the priest. It contains a story about Akbar in which he is compared to the other Mughal rulers. [144] Further, his childhood tutors, who included two Irani Shias, were largely above sectarian prejudices, and made a significant contribution to Akbar's later inclination towards religious tolerance. Furthermore, it strived to foster a climate conducive to commerce by requiring local administrators to provide restitution to traders for goods stolen while in their territory. [141] From the 15th century, a number of rulers in various parts of the country adopted a more liberal policy of religious tolerance, attempting to foster communal harmony between Hindus and Muslims. Akbar was enamored with her beauty, and ordered Abdul Wasi to divorce her. Mahmud offered 30,000 rupees in cash and kind to Itimad Khan and farewelled his daughter with a grand dowry and an impressive entourage. [98][99][100], However, Akbar's policy of matrimonial alliances marked a departure in India from previous practice in that the marriage itself marked the beginning of a new order of relations, wherein the Hindu Rajputs who married their daughters or sisters to him would be treated on par with his Muslim fathers-in-law and brothers-in-law in all respects except being able to dine and pray with him or take Muslim wives. [19] There he met and married the 14-year-old Hamida Banu Begum, daughter of Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami, a Persian teacher of Humayun's younger brother Hindal Mirza. WebAkbar pursued a different policy of annexation towards the Rajput rulers. It was officially incorporated as a province of the Mughal Empire. [148] In the year 1578, the Mughal Emperor Akbar famously referred to himself as:[citation needed]. Akbar left Kabul in the hands of his sister, Bakht-un-Nissa Begum, and returned to India. Consequently, no matrimonial alliance was entered into, yet Surjan was made a noble and placed in charge of Garh-Katanga. Rajput Policy of Akbar. [110] Akbar's efforts to purchase and secure from the Portuguese some of their compact artillery pieces were unsuccessful and thus Akbar could not establish the Mughal navy along the Gujarat coast. Akbar, quoted in Abu'l Fazl (c. 1590). [99], Other Rajput kingdoms also established matrimonial alliances with Akbar, but matrimony was not insisted on as a precondition for forming alliances. [6][7], Akbar left a rich legacy both for the Mughal Empire as well as the Indian subcontinent in general. He was also noted for various acts of courage. [22][23] On 20 November 1551, Humayun's youngest brother, Hindal Mirza, died in a battle against Kamran Mirza's forces. [141] These discussions, initially restricted to Muslims, were acrimonious and resulted in the participants shouting at and abusing each other. Akbar again invited Hiravijaya Suri's successor Vijayasena Suri in his court who visited him between 1593 and 1595. [40] Sikandar Shah Suri, however, presented no major concern for Akbar,[41] and avoided giving battle as the Mughal army approached. [182], Abul Fazl, and even the hostile critic Badayuni, described him as having a commanding personality. Administration of the Mughals The Mughal Emperors established a centralised State based on military power. [70] Dozens of forts were built and occupied to secure the region. The Emperor ordered the apprehended assassin, a slave of Mirza Sharfuddin, a noble in Akbar's court whose recent rebellion had been suppressed, to be beheaded. [citation needed], Folk tales revolving around him and Birbal, one of his navratnas, are popular in India. He instituted a Historian Naimur Rahman Farooqi wrote that their unceremonious expulsion may explain why Akbar broke relations with the Hijaz and stopped sending Hajj caravans after 1581. [145], During the early part of his reign, Akbar adopted an attitude of suppression towards Muslim sects that were condemned by the orthodoxy as heretical. [40] Akbar had firmly declared his intentions that the Mughals were in India to stay. Akbar's letter of invitation in John Correia-Afonso, Learn how and when to remove this template message, National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film, "Remembering Akbar the Great: Facts about the most liberal Mughal emperor", "The Woman Whose Downfall Nearly Killed Akbar", "The Nobility under Akbar and the Development of His Religious Policy, 1560-80", "Akbar (1556-1605) and India unification under the mughals", "Economic and Social Developments under the Mughals", "Profile: Tansen the mesmerizing maestro", "XIX. 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